General block diagram of PV system
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... PV system consists from main part which is PV cells which produces the power but there are other components are also needed to, control, convert and store the energy such as PV modules, batteries, charge controllers, and inverters. The PV system and its components are detailed in the block diagram shown in fig. 1. ...
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... They have concluded that the PV system is a feasible and viable choice to supply the present and future electricity demand. Many Iraqi and foreign researchers studied the performance design of solar PV systems using on-grid connection technology [20][21][22][23][24][25]. Korsavi et al. studied the 5kW rooftop solar PV system in Iran. ...
The question asked by all researchers is when solar panels will replace the national grid, especially in the domestic sector. In this study, a rooftop stand-alone solar electric system is designed to provide all the electrical power to a house in Baghdad-Iraq, using a (How to design PV system) simulation program. The feasibility of this system compared to the performance of the national electric grid and the system of private diesel generators is determined. The proposed solar system capacity is (25 kW), and the space required and the energy payback time are (360 m2 and 7.82 years), respectively. By using the current system, the net CO2 mitigation amount is 499,518.2 tons for 30-year. The kilowatt-hour costs for the subsidized national grid, private diesel generators, and the present solar system is 0.01865$, 0.1509$, and $0.108, respectively. The kilowatt cost can reach 0.25kWh if the battery replacement cost is estimated; so photovoltaic systems are still a good choice to generate electricity instead of using the national grid. If solar PV systems to generate electricity are used instead of the national grid, the financial and environmental profits will be good enough. The reason for the study is because the costs of off-grid solar PV systems are high, no specific studies have emerged on such vital topics. Currently, loans from government banks have reduced the impact of this negative factor
... A similar economic analysis was performed by Zeraatpisheh et al., [13] under different charge Tariffs. A similar study was performed by Albadi et al.,[14] for a 50 kWp solar system with feasibility is done using RETScreen software. Their project was not profitable under the current electricity tariff. ...
Rooftop Solar PV systems are gaining growing attention on the path toward carbon neutrality. Hence, a great effort must be exerted to ensure smooth and efficient penetration of such systems into the existing utility grids. In the current work, a 105 kWp rooftop solar system is designed and installed to fulfil part of the electric demand of the faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt. The performance parameters of this grid-connected solar PV system are optimized for the least-cost of electricity supply through using industry-standard software NREL SAM. For the current rooftop system, fixed orientation of an optimized tilt angle of 23 degrees is preferred over sun-tracking systems due to the reduced operating and maintenance costs. The annual energy production of the system is 175,700 kWh with a capacity factor of 19.1%. Through using parametric optimization and inter-connected financial analysis algorithms, it was possible to define the least cost for the electricity supplied to the grid to be 0.55 EGP/kWh, which achieves grid parity in Egypt. The project is finically profitable without any subsidy, with a discounted payback period of 7.9 years, and IRR (on equity) of 20.1 % and saves 1882-ton CO2 over its lifetime. Sensitivity analysis showed that the electricity escalation rate greatly enhances the project finances. In the first year of operation, the system performed fairly well compared with the theoretical design, provided that the system is frequently cleaned (at least once a week) and continuously connected.
... Moreover, current geopolitical factors play key role in oil and gas security and transportation that also favours RENs [1] . Energy production from fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that among other things are responsible for climate change [2] . Among primary sources of GHG are electricity and heating. ...
... Furthermore, such plant would reduce the CO2 emission by 1199 tons. Albadi et al. [2] proposed a rooftop photovoltaic system designed at 50 kW in Oman, however calculations showed that it's not feasible to design such a system on a given rooftop area. Despite this it was presented that such a system can be designed but requires different settings. ...
... On the other hand, there are also off-grid power systems. These stand-alone systems are independent of the utility grid but require energy storage system to store the surplus energy to be used at night [2,5] . ...
p>As the world’s industrialisation and population increase, the amount of fossil fuels consumed also increases. This brings with it environmental pollution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the depletion of these non-renewable resources. With the significant industrialisation and increasing consumerism of societies, an important issue is the growing demand for energy. Energy production using fossil fuels contributes to climate change and environmental pollution. To meet these changes, the energy industry is undergoing a transformation towards green energy. Increasing the use of renewable energy sources and substituting fossil fuels to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and slow the greenhouse effect is a key objective for countries around the world. To achieve these ambitious goals, new technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) are coming to the rescue. Ubiquitous digitisation is supporting the transformation of the energy sector and the emergence of the Internet of Energy. The use of new technologies, smart sensors, photovoltaic panels, IoT-based wind turbines, smart grids supports the rapid development of Energy Internet (EI) and the decentralization of energy systems. This paper provides some insight into the issues surrounding the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through the increased use of renewable energy sources in energy production systems.</p
... Geographically, Central Java, Indonesia is in the equatorial area which is located at 10 o LS, with a solar radiation intensity of 3.5 kWh/m 2 /day up to 4.67 kWh/m 2 /day. Therefore, almost all regions are potential for constructing Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) [1]. The construction of a large-scale solar power plant still meets obstacles such as the limited availability of area near load center or consumers. ...
The building of Faculty of Engineering, Semarang University is potential to install a solar photovoltaic (SPV) rooftop. It has emerged as a green energy technology to overcome climate change issues by reducing reliance on conventional fossil fuel energy. The energy produced by SPV can be used to fulfil self-consumption of electricity needs, so the fulfilment of electrical energy can be supplied by PLN network and rooftop SPV. The design of grid connected rooftop SPV needs optimization and prediction on how much power or energy can be produced. The power and energy produced are calculated based on meteorological data for solar irradiation and temperature in 2019 and depend on the dimensions of the building roof area. The results show the power and energy requirements in 103.87 kW and 1371.74 kWh with the dimensions of 441 m². Roof of the building can accommodate the number of SPV modules as much as 356 units with a total power and energy amounted to 85.119 kW and 658.6 kWh. The utilization of grid-connected rooftop SPV is able to supply the energy needs of 81.9% of the total electric energy in Faculty of Engineering building. Another power loads supplied by PLN sources is 31.8%.
... Rangkaian instalasi jaringan listrik yang digunakan pada mesin panen padi mini dua lajur, diatur mengikuti skema pengaturan perangkat komponen yang terdiri dari panel surya polikristal (polycrystalline) 2 x 50 wp, kontroler panel surya 12/24 volt 30 A, baterai 12 volt 45 AH asam sulfat (H2SO4) [14], dan motor listrik 50 watt. Skema rangkaian tersebut ditunjukkan pada Gambar 4. ...
Rice harvesting machines that can be operated in swampy, peatland, narrow and can be operated and maintained by farmers, can be considered for design, some previous research has been carried out, including a two-lane mini rice harvester with a performance of 20.33 hours per hectare and has been in manufacturing and in performance tests. Experimental studies on engine performance were carried out in this research. This research uses 2x50 watt peak polycrystalline solar panels connected to a 12 volt 45 AH battery, the battery will drive a 50 watt electric motor. Current and voltage measurements are carried out on the solar panel and battery when in condition, first the solar panel is connected to the battery and not connected to the electric motor, the second solar panel is connected to the battery and connected to the electric motor, the three solar panels are not connected to the battery and the battery is connected to electric motor. The results of the first condition study indicate that the electric current will be more stable using a new battery, when compared to using a battery in the previous study. The second condition was that the performance of the two-lane mini rice harvester increased by 50% when compared to the performance of an electric motor using a battery that was not connected to a solar panel. The third condition shows the performance of the electric motor has increased by up to 300% when compared with the results of previous studies, it is estimated that the electric motor will continue to rotate for up to 8-10 hours.
... 25 di bangun PLTS atau Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) [1]. Pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) dalam skala besar masih memiliki keterbatasan seperti keterbatasan tersedianya lahan yang tidak jauh dengan pusat beban atau konsumen. ...
... Sistem pembangunan SPV pada rooftop merupakan pembangkit listrik yang dapat terkoneksi dengan jaringan PLN atau grid connected maupun dimanfaatkan langsung pada gedung tersebut [2]. Ketersediaan lahan pada atap sebuah gedung dapat digunakan untuk membangkitkan energi matahari melalui modul panel surya untuk didistribusikan dan ditransmisikan melalui jaringan grid [1] [3]. Panel SPV mengkonversikan secara langsung radiasi matahari menjadi energi listrik. ...
Gedung Fakultas Teknik Universitas Semarang berpotensi untuk dilakukan pemasangan rooftop solar photovoltaic (SPV) sehingga menghasilkan energi listrik dari sumber energi matahari. Energi yang dihasilkan oleh system SPV dapat digunakan untuk mencukupi kebutuhan listrik pada siang hari, sehingga pemenuhan energi listrik dapat dibagi dari PLN dan Rooftop SPV. Pemanfaatan rooftop SPV mempunyai beberapa keunggulan yaitu pemanfaatan energi matahari lebih maksimal dan meminimalisir penghalang karena, serta lebih mudah untuk diintegrasikan dengan sistem kelistrikan yang sudah ada. Perancangan system Rooftop SPV perlu dilakukan untuk mengoptimalisasi pemanfaatan energi matahari sebagai salah satu pengembangan green energy system agar dapat memprediksi berapa daya atau energy yang mampu dihasilkan. Daya dan energy yang dihasilkan oleh grid connected rooftop SPV dihitung berdasarkan data meteorologi radiasi matahari dan temperature Tahun 2019 dari BMKG Kota Semarang serta dimensi luas atap Gedung. Penelitian ini divalidasi dengan menggunakan software PVSYS 6.8.1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebutuhan daya dan energi sebesar 103.87 kW dan 1371.74 KWh dengan dimensi atap gedung sebesar 441 m2. Atap gedung mampu menampung jumlah modul SPV sebanyak 356 Unit dengan total daya dan energi sebesar 85.119 Kw dan 658.6 KWh. Pemanfaatan grid connected rooftop SPV ini mampu mensupply kebutuhan energi sebesar 81.9% dari total kebutuhan energi listrik pada gedung Fakultas Teknik
... Mehmood et al., [49] performed the techno-economic-environmental assessment of standalone PV system for three major cities of Pakistan, and concluded in terms of possible diesel fuel savings and GHG emissions reduction. Albadi et al., [50] assessed a 50 kW solar power unit to be installed at the rooftop of an office in Oman, and concluded its viability in terms of technical and economic parameters. Mehmood et al. [30] analyzed the PV system to fulfill the domestic power demand of six major cities of Pakistan through off-grid type units, and outcomes concluded that the proposed system is viable for considered cities and will help out in reducing the power shortage period. ...
United Arab Emirates (U.A.E) is a solar-rich region aiming to achieve 44% clean energy portion in the total energy mix by 2050. Harnessing the available infinite solar renewable energy source and integrating it with the existing power infrastructure is necessary. In this context, a comprehensive technical, economic, and environmental assessment of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system for the domestic sector is presented considering U.A.E case study. The central and off-grid photovoltaic systems’ configurations are modeled to evaluate its comparative viability for six selected latitude positions of U.A.E. Further, three different photovoltaic technologies (i.e., mono-crystalline, poly-crystalline, and thin-film) are analyzed to conclude the optimum selection. Climatic conditions like incident solar radiations, humidity, air temperature, and cooling degree-days are used to conduct the feasibility assessment using the RETScreen software, where the capacity factor, the number of PV units required, base case fuel savings, net present value, payback period, and benefit-cost ratio are evaluated. Effect of reducing the battery bank size from 24 hrs to 12 hrs backup is also elaborated. The central-grid photovoltaic system configuration is concluded comparatively more viable than off-grid PV system supported by all techno-economic aspects and more environment friendly reducing 229–237 tCO2 greenhouse gas emissions during the project life.
... Fossil fuels is the primary source of generating electricity worldwide such as coil, oil and natural gas. The usage of fossil fuels creates global issues such as global warming, health and environmental problems [1]. Qatar is a country of which uses natural gas to generate electricity. ...
Issues like air pollution and high CO2 rates are forcing the government of Qatar to mitigate these pollution rates as Qatar is considered the highest country that has can emissions per capita. As a result, huge efforts are executed to reduce these high rates of pollution so many renewable technologies projects are introduced, and solar PV plant is a major one. In this paper, Doha metro project is taken as a case study to implement a hybrid system within one of the metro stations to assess the economic profitability of it and then it can be a proposal for the country of Qatar to implement such a hybrid system within the governmental projects to mitigate the pollution rate. The methodology adopted in this paper is to evaluate the profitability of the hybrid system proposed by using HOMER software where it can model, simulate and optimize the proposed system with the desired components. Main finding is that due to the low electricity tariffs with and without the governmental subsidies, the implementation of PV system in Qatar is not economically feasible unless the PV system capacity is enlarged into a big scale or the tariff prices being increased with Carbon tax regulations.
... Several researchers have evaluated the availability of renewable energy resources in the Sultanate of Oman. Past researches show that the Sultanate of Oman has an excellent potential for producing clean energy using solar and wind resources [3,4]. The wind resource has significant potential in the coastal areas while the solar resource potential exists throughout the country. ...
... The percentage reduction in maximum power output of a module due to the temperature variation is determined as (3) where β is the reduction in maximum power for per 0 C temperature variation of the module in %/ 0 C. Thus, the derating factor, Df,Temp due to the temperature variation is expressed The derating factor due to the other system components, Df,comp was considered based on the available literature [30]. Such derating factors include DC rating on the nameplate of the PV module, inverters, module discrepancy, DC and AC wiring, and shading. ...
This paper presents the design and economic analysis of a photovoltaic (PV) system for a campus sports complex located at the Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) in Oman. The designed PV system shows the ability to serve the total energy required by the various playgrounds in the sports complex and to sell excess power to the grid. Oman is one of the gulf countries that has the highest average solar irradiation. Besides, the temperature in Oman varies in a broad spectrum daily and seasonally. This variation in temperature, especially in a hot climate like in Oman, has a significant impact on the PV output. This paper addresses such a change of temperature in designing the PV system for the sports complex. This paper also presents the mathematical model utilized in designing the PV system and its design process in detail. The outcome of the design shows that the PV based renewable system can meet the energy requirement (78.568 MWh/year) by the load in a year. Moreover, the design system can sell energy (56.065 MWh/year) back to the grid that produces extra revenue for the system owner. The economic performance parameters of the design such as payback period (10 Years), net present value (USD 120755), internal rate of return (10%), and profitability index (3.09) without considering discount rate, further proves the financial viability of the solar PV system for the SQU sports complex.
... It was found that semi-urban household regions in the state show better economic performance in both net metering and in Feed in Tariff (FiT) schemes. Albadi et al. [9] proposed a design strategy for a 50 KW roof top PV system at Sultanate in Oman. The study was based on sizing of PV arrays, charge regulator ratings and inverter ratings for a specific load. ...
Solar energy is one of the most promising options of renewable energy in the context of energy sustainability. Nowadays, as the utilization of solar energy has been continuously expanded in wide scale, researches related to the topic have been carried out all over the world. The prime focus of this study is to provide sustainable energy generation for an academic building located in a rural place, where power outage is a frequent issue. In this study, individual power system components have been suitably designed which could electrify the building for yearlong use. A rooftop photovoltaic (PV) system with three days battery backup has been considered for the present case. Designing of the PV system is based on the selection of individual electrical appliances and its operating time in a day. For this purpose, a survey has been carried out over a year in order to identify the day in which maximum power was utilized. The study revealed that the total estimated capacity of the stand-alone PV system should be 138.6 KWp in which 446 PV modules bearing 300 Wp each are connected together in series parallel combination. Total 656 numbers of batteries (12V- 200Ah each) are required for power backup which store the excess PV generation. Suitable size also been considered for inverters and charger controller which are connected in parallel and series respectively. The area required to install PV modules on the rooftop without shadow effect has been properly assessed. Besides being PV system design, brief cost analysis has been carried out in terms of simple payback period, unit cost of power generation and cash flow in terms of present value.
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